Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains 200-400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains 100-200 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains 200-400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains 100-200 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~14 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~33 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~50 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains > 400 µm) at ~110 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~14 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~33 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at ~110 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~50 µm thick) on JSC Mars-1 (grains < 100 µm) at ~110 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~13 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~52 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~75 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains > 400 µm) at ~100 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~13 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~52 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~75 µm thick) on Dark basalt (grains < 100 µm) at ~100 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 10 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~90 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water ice particles (4.5±2.5 μm) at ~120 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 10 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of JSC Mars-1 mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~100 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt (original powder) at 293 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Dark basalt mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K

Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~80 µm) over Dark basalt mixed with 35 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~80 µm) over Dark basalt mixed with 50 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K Spectrum Vis-NIR reflectance spectrum of Water frost (~80 µm) over Dark basalt mixed with 75 wt% Water ice particles (67±31 μm) at ~120 K