Publication
- Names
-
- Zuriñe Yoldi
- Antoine Pommerol
- Olivier Poch
- Nicolas Thomas
- Title
- Reflectance study of ice and Mars soil simulant associations – II. CO2 and H2O ice
- Abstract
- We measure the visible and near-infrared reflectance of icy analogues of the Martian surface made of CO2 ice associated in different ways with H2O ice and the regolith simulant JSC Mars-1. Such experimental results obtained with well-controlled samples in the laboratory are precious to interpret quantitatively the imaging and spectral data collected by various Mars orbiters, landers and rovers. Producing and maintaining well- characterised icy samples while acquiring spectro-photometric measurements is however challenging and we discuss some of the difficulties encountered in preparing and measuring our samples. We present the results in the form of photometric and spectral criteria computed from the spectra and plotted as a function of the composition and physical properties of the samples. Consistent with previous studies, we find that when intimately mixed with other materials, including water ice, CO2 ice becomes rapidly undetectable due to its low absorptivity. As low as 5 wt% of fine-grained H2O ice is enough to mask entirely the signatures of CO2. Similarly, sublimation experiments performed with ternary mixtures of CO2 ice, H2O ice and JSC Mars-1 show that water, even when present as a minor component (3 wt%), determines the texture and evolution of the mixtures. We assess the ability of various combinations of spectral parameters to identify samples with H2O, CO2, JSC Mars-1, or various mixtures from their reflectance and orient our study to helping interpret ice and soil reflectance spectra from the Martian surface. From the laboratory spectra, we simulate the colour signal generated by the CaSSIS instrument to allow for direct comparisons with results from this instrument and provide to databases the necessary spectral data to perform the same operations with other instruments.
- Keywords
- Reflectance, CO2 ice, Mixture, Mars, H2O ice, Polar caps
- Content
- spectral data, sample, material-matter
- Document type
- article
- Publication state
- published
- Doi
- 10.1016/j.icarus.2022.115116
- Identifiers
-
- arXiv: arXiv:2207.13905
- Experiment/Spectra
-
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) produced by adiabatic expansion of gas (multispectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 3 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- 95 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 5 wt.% of CO2 ice (multispectral)
- 90 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 10 wt.% of CO2 ice (multispectral)
- 95 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 5 wt.% of CO2 ice (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 10 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) produced by adiabatic expansion of gas (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 3 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 5 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 10 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 3 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- 90 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 10 wt.% of CO2 ice (hyperspectral)
- 65 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 35 wt.% of CO2 ice (hyperspectral)
- 50 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 50 wt.% of CO2 ice (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 5 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 5 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 10 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 3 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 5 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 10 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 3 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 5 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 10 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice: less than 200 µm (hyperspectral)
- Piece of compact CO2 ice slab (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice: 400 to 800 µm (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice: 200 to 400 µm (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice: less than 200 µm (multispectral)
- Piece of compact CO2 ice slab (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice: 400 to 800 µm (hyperspectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice: 200 to 400 µm (hyperspectral)
- 65 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 35 wt.% of CO2 ice (multispectral)
- 50 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 50 wt.% of CO2 ice (multispectral)
- 25 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 75 wt.% of CO2 ice (multispectral)
- Pure crushed CO2 ice, 400 to 800 µm fraction (multispectral)
- 25 wt.% of JSC Mars-1, 75 wt.% of CO2 ice (hyperspectral)
- Pure crushed CO2 ice, 400 to 800 µm fraction (hyperspectral)
- First location with water frost deposition (thick, estimated 400 µm) over the CO2 slab (multispectral)
- Second location with water frost deposition (intermediate, estimated 150 µm) over the CO2 slab (multispectral)
- Third location with water frost deposition (thin, estimated 75 µm µm) over the CO2 slab (multispectral)
- First location with water frost deposition (thick, estimated 400 µm) over the CO2 slab (hyperspectral)
- Second location with water frost deposition (intermediate, estimated 150 µm) over the CO2 slab (hyperspectral)
- Third location with water frost deposition (thin, estimated 75 µm µm) over the CO2 slab (hyperspectral)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 170.0 K (t=0.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 135.0 K (t=1.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 130.0 K (t=1.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 125.0 K (t=2.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 150.0 K (t=2.8 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 225.0 K (t=3.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 230.0 K (t=3.9 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 240.0 K (t=4.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 245.0 K (t=5.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 252.0 K (t=5.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 258.0 K (t=6.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 260.0 K (t=6.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 170.0 K (t=0.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 135.0 K (t=1.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 130.0 K (t=1.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 125.0 K (t=2.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 150.0 K (t=2.8 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 225.0 K (t=3.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 230.0 K (t=3.9 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 240.0 K (t=4.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 245.0 K (t=5.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 252.0 K (t=5.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 258.0 K (t=6.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% fine-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 260.0 K (t=6.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 170.0 K (t=0.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 135.0 K (t=1.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 130.0 K (t=1.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 125.0 K (t=2.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 150.0 K (t=2.8 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 225.0 K (t=3.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 230.0 K (t=3.9 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 240.0 K (t=4.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 245.0 K (t=5.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 252.0 K (t=5.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 258.0 K (t=6.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: compacted; at 260.0 K (t=6.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 170.0 K (t=0.5 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 135.0 K (t=1.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 130.0 K (t=1.6 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 125.0 K (t=2.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 150.0 K (t=2.8 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 225.0 K (t=3.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 230.0 K (t=3.9 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 240.0 K (t=4.4 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 245.0 K (t=5.0 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 252.0 K (t=5.5 hours)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 3 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 5 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) mixed with 10 wt.% fine-grained spherical water ice (4.5 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- Crushed CO2 ice (400 to 800 µm) (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) produced by adiabatic expansion of gas (multispectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 3 wt.% spherical water ice (70 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 5 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 10 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (multispectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) produced by adiabatic expansion of gas (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 3 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 5 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- CO2 frost (10-100 µm) intimately mixed with 10 wt.% spherical water ice (67 µm average diameter) (hyperspectral)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 258.0 K (t=6.1 hours)
- Sample evolved by sublimation of an initial ternary mixture of CO2 frost with 3 wt.% coarse-grained water ice and 0.2 wt.% of JSC Mars-1; texture: powder; at 260.0 K (t=6.6 hours)