Constituent
Name
Tholins
Family
complex mix
Class
complex mix
Compound type
complex macromolecular mixture
Constituent abundance in material
Relevance
main - major
Arrangement
single phase
Mass fraction
1.0
Abundance comments
Homogeneous composition of the grain
Chemical composition
Isotope mixture type
unknown
  Formula Name Family Number min-max Mole fraction Mass fraction State Relevance Comments
$C$ Carbon element 0.35 $\pm$ 0.005 mol/mol in complex main
$H$ Hydrogen element 0.34 $\pm$ 0.005 mol/mol in complex main
$N$ Nitrogen element 0.31 $\pm$ 0.005 mol/mol in complex main
$O$ Oxygen element in complex impurity from residual $O_2$ during synthesis and oxidation/adsorption during sample collection
Composition comments
Co-polymeric insaturated structure rich in oxygen and nitrogen. Values from Quirico et al. 2008.
Chemical functions
  Function Number
$R=CH_2$
$R-CH_3$
$R-NH-R$
$R-NH_2$
$R-N=C=N-R$
$R-C \equiv N$
$R-N^+ \equiv C^-$
$R-C=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH- cycl$
$R-(C5H4N)_{cycl}$
Chemical bonds
  Bond Number
$\geq C-H$
$\eqslantgtr C-H$
$>N-H$
$\geq C-N<$
$\geq C-C \leq$
$>C=C<$
$>C=N-$
$=C=N-$
$-C\equiv N$
Phase type
amorphous
Texture
macromolecular
Color
marron
Diaphaneity
translucent
Luster
vitreous