Constituent Tholins | SSHADE

Constituent

Name: Tholins

Family: complex mix
Class: complex mix
Compound type: complex macromolecular mixture

Constituent abundance in material

Relevance: main - major
Arrangement: single phase
Mass fraction: 1.0
Abundance comments: Homogeneous composition of the grain

Chemical composition

Isotope mixture type: unknown

	Formula	Name	Family	Number min-max	Mole fraction	Mass fraction	State	Relevance	Comments
	$C$	Carbon	element			0.49 $\pm$ 0.002	in complex	main
	$H$	Hydrogen	element			0.048 $\pm$ 0.0007	in complex	main
	$O$	Oxygen	element			0.017 $\pm$ 0.0003	in complex	main
	$N$	Nitrogen	element			0.36 $\pm$ 0.002	in complex	main

Composition comments: Co-polymeric insaturated structure rich in oxygen and nitrogen. Note: the sum of the mass percentages is not equal to 100% due to uncertainties in the measurement of O which is not carried out at the same time, nor with the same technique, as for the elements C, H and N.

Chemical functions and bonds

Chemical functions

	Function	Number
	$R=CH_2$
	$R-CH_3$
	$R-NH-R$
	$R-NH_2$
	$R-N=C=N-R$
	$R-C \equiv N$
	$R-N^+ \equiv C^-$
	$R-C=CH-CH=CH-CH=CH- cycl$
	$R-(C5H4N)_{cycl}$

Chemical bonds

	Bond	Number
	$\geq C-H$
	$\eqslantgtr C-H$
	$>N-H$
	$\geq C-N<$
	$\geq C-C \leq$
	$>C=C<$
	$>C=N-$
	$=C=N-$
	$-C\equiv N$
	$>C=O$

Phase type: amorphous

Crystals and texture

Texture: macromolecular

Optical properties

Color: marron
Diaphaneity: translucent
Luster: vitreous